General

A 46-year-old man attends the clinic nine months after cardiac transplantation. He feels well, has no chest pain and walks four kilometres most days. He takes n…

Foundations · middle twist

A 32-year-old woman has passed large volumes of pale urine for four months and drinks about eight litres of water each day, having decided this would improve he…

Foundations · middle twist

A 68-year-old man has had 4 days of fever, cough and left-sided pleuritic pain. There is dullness to percussion, bronchial breathing and increased vocal resonan…

Foundations · middle twist

A 24-year-old man reports 12 months of increasing breathlessness on exertion. He climbs stairs slowly and pushes on his thighs to stand from a low chair. His co…

Foundations · niche

A 34-year-old woman has had 8 months of heavy menstrual bleeding. She is breathless climbing one flight of stairs and tired all day. Her conjunctivae are pale.…

Foundations · middle twist

A 62-year-old man describes tightness across the chest when he walks up the hill to his home; it settles within three minutes of rest. He first noticed it a mon…

Foundations · common

A 68-year-old man with a 20-year history of hypertension is examined before elective hernia repair. His pulse is regular at 72 beats per minute. With the bell o…

Foundations · middle twist

A laboratory technician is found unconscious in a poorly ventilated garage. Arterial blood shows pH 7.39, PaO2 13.0 kPa (reference 10.7–13.3 kPa), and PaCO2 5.1…

Mechanisms of disease · common

A patient with profuse watery diarrhoea caused by enterotoxin receives an oral solution containing sodium and glucose. Before treatment, stool output is high an…

Foundations · common

A 62-year-old man undergoes left ventricular pressure-volume loop analysis during cardiac catheterisation. Before an intervention, his end-diastolic volume is 1…

Mechanisms of disease · common

Which of the following mediators plays a key role in pain sensitization by enhancing nociceptor activity?

Mechanisms of disease · common