Renal tubular disorders

A 7-year-old boy has passed large volumes of urine and craved salty food since infancy, and he is small for his age. His blood pressure is 92/56 mmHg and he has…

Foundations · middle twist

A 72-year-old man with diabetic kidney disease takes perindopril and spironolactone. He has a serum potassium concentration of 6.2 mmol/L (3.5–5.2), chloride 11…

Clinical rotations · middle twist

A 29-year-old woman has a plasma bicarbonate concentration of 15 mmol/L (reference 22–29 mmol/L) and a normal anion gap. Her urine pH is 6.2 during bicarbonate…

Mechanisms of disease · middle twist