Pulmonary function testing (Lung function testing)

A 24-year-old man reports 12 months of increasing breathlessness on exertion. He climbs stairs slowly and pushes on his thighs to stand from a low chair. His co…

Foundations · niche

A 54-year-old woman has progressive exertional dyspnoea. Spirometry shows a forced expiratory volume in one second of 2.4 L (reference greater than 2.0 L) and a…

Mechanisms of disease · middle twist