Renal, Urology and Electrolytes

A 72-year-old woman with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma presents with confusion, constipation and weakness. Her serum calcium is 4.18 mmol/L (2.10–2.60), crea…

A 68-year-old man with a recent transurethral resection of a bladder tumour presents with worsening suprapubic pain and inability to pass urine. He has passed b…

A 63-year-old man with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma has persistent thirst, vomiting and confusion. After intravenous saline, his serum calcium concentrati…

A 72-year-old man with diabetic kidney disease takes perindopril and spironolactone. He has a serum potassium concentration of 6.2 mmol/L (3.5–5.2), chloride 11…

A 68-year-old man with chronic kidney disease is admitted with pneumonia and has received intravenous fluids, calcium gluconate and insulin with glucose for a s…

A 45-year-old woman has a 7-mm calculus in the distal ureter on non-contrast CT. Her pain is controlled with oral analgesia, creatinine is normal, and she is af…

A 70-year-old man with diabetic kidney disease takes ramipril and spironolactone. Routine testing shows potassium 6.4 mmol/L, confirmed on a non-haemolysed samp…

A 42-year-old man presents with haemoptysis, fatigue and rapidly worsening renal function. Creatinine is 486 micromol/L, urine microscopy shows dysmorphic red c…