Nephrology

A 29-year-old woman has a plasma bicarbonate concentration of 15 mmol/L (reference 22–29 mmol/L) and a normal anion gap. Her urine pH is 6.2 during bicarbonate…

A healthy adult receives an intravenous glucose load. Plasma glucose is 12 mmol/L (reference 3.5–7.8 mmol/L), the measured glomerular filtration rate is 120 mL/…

A 52-year-old man has a blood pressure of 162/98 mmHg despite adequate doses of perindopril, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide, with good adherence confirmed.…

A 62-year-old woman who takes sertraline for depression is brought to the emergency department after a witnessed generalised tonic-clonic seizure at home. She i…

A 23-year-old man presents because his urine has turned dark brown, which he noticed this morning. Two days ago he developed a sore throat and runny nose, which…

A 76-year-old woman taking perindopril for hypertension and regular ibuprofen for knee osteoarthritis presents after three days of vomiting and watery diarrhoea…

A a 68-year-old man with a history of gastroesophageal reflux disease presents with worsening kidney function over the past two weeks. He started a proton pump…

A 72-year-old male with history of stage 4 chronic kidney disease presents to the clinic after suffering from increasing fatigability and pallor. · Hemoglobin:…

A 59-year-old male presents to the clinic with progressive difficulty urinating, hesitancy, and a weak stream. He also complains about waking up multiple times…