Chronic kidney and urinary tract conditions

A 78-year-old man presents with three days of inability to pass urine and a painful lower abdomen, on a background of months of a poor stream and nocturia. A ur…

Pre-internship · niche

A 63-year-old man who has smoked for 40 years and worked for 20 years in a tyre factory reports that on two occasions in the last month his urine has been brigh…

Clinical rotations · common

You are the intern covering the orthopaedic ward at 2 am. A 79-year-old man, two days after hemiarthroplasty for a fractured neck of femur, is climbing over the…

Pre-internship · middle twist

An 84-year-old man with prostate cancer and bone metastases is catheterised in the emergency department for painless retention that has built up over several we…

Clinical rotations · middle twist

A 68-year-old man with a recent transurethral resection of a bladder tumour presents with worsening suprapubic pain and inability to pass urine. He has passed b…

Clinical rotations · middle twist

A 59-year-old man has an eGFR of 52 mL/min/1.73 m² on repeated testing over 4 months. His urine albumin:creatinine ratio is 12 mg/mmol, and there is no haematur…

Clinical rotations · middle twist

A 64-year-old woman has had an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 26 mL/min/1.73 m² on two measurements 4 months apart. Her urine albumin:creatinine ratio…

Pre-internship · middle twist

A 72-year-old man is found to have a serum creatinine of 286 micromol/L, compared with 98 micromol/L 3 months earlier. He reports six months of poor urinary str…

Clinical rotations · common

An 84-year-old inpatient becomes agitated and inattentive over 12 hours. He repeatedly tries to pass urine, reports lower abdominal discomfort and has a palpabl…

Clinical rotations · common

A 50-year-old man presents to the emergency department with confusion, rapid breathing, and general weakness. He has a history of chronic kidney disease. On exa…

Clinical rotations · common

A 72-year-old male with history of stage 4 chronic kidney disease presents to the clinic after suffering from increasing fatigability and pallor. · Hemoglobin:…

Clinical rotations · middle twist

What is the most common type of malignant tumor of the urinary tract?

Mechanisms of disease · common